
Alasan Singkat Suatu Negara Memilih Sistem Perekonomiannya

Setiap negara menganut sistem ekonomi yang berbeda tergantung pada kebutuhan negara tersebut dalam menjalankan kegiatan ekonominya. Secara umum sistem ekonomi dapat diartikan sebagai perangkat alat atau metode yang diterapkan untuk menjawab tuntas mengenai masalah apa, bagaimana dan untuk siapa barang atau jasa diproduksi. Ketepatan dari jawaban yang diberikan sangat tergantung pada sistem ekonomi yang dipilih negara yang bersangkutan.
Sistem perekonomian melahirkan tindakan atau tatacara dalam memecahkan dan mengatasi masalah dasar ekonomi dengan cara yang berbeda. Perbedaan dari setiap sistem ekonomi suatu negara memiliki cara tersendiri dan berbeda dalam mengambil keputusan berdasarkan permasalahan ekonomi negaranya.
Setiap negara juga memiliki sistem ekonomi yang berbeda-beda tergantung dengan kebutuhan dan kepercayaan negara tersebut terhadap suatu sistem ekonomi. Sistem ekonomi tertentu mungkin saja akan cocok diterapkan di suatu negara tetapi mungkin tidak akan cocok dengan negara lainnya. Yang menjadikan sistem ekonomi suatu negara berbeda-beda biasanya disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya:
- Ada atau tidaknya campur tangan pemerintah dalam kegiatan ekonomi
- Sistem pemerintahan yang dianut
- Kepemilikan negara terhadap faktor produksi
- Sumber daya yang ada dalam suatu negara, baik sumber daya manusia maupun sumber daya manusia
- Nilai – nilai hidup antara suatu kelompok masyarakat atau negara
Selain itu, faktor yang mempengaruhi dapat dibagi menjadi dua faktor yaitu faktor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal terdiri dari lembaga ekonomi, lembaga sosial, lembaga ide, kebijakkan pemerintah. Adapun faktor eksternal terdiri dari keadaan politik, falsafah negara, hukum yang berlaku, politik luar negeri.
Menurut Sanusi, setiap sistem ekonomi dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah kekuatan, diantaranya adalah :
- Sumber-sumber sejarah, kultur/tradisi, cita-cita, keinginan-keinginan, dan sikap masyarakat;
- SDA (termasuk iklim);
- Filsafat yang dimiliki dan yang dibela oleh sebagian besar masyarakat;
- Teorisasi yang dilakukan masyarakat pada masa lalu atau sekarang, megenai bagaimana cara mencapai cita-cita/keinginan serta tujuan dan sasaran yang dipilih; dan
- Trials dan Errors atau uji coba yang dilakukan masyarakat dalam usaha mencari alat-alat ekonomi.
Sedangkan, menurut Lemhannas (1989), ada 8 kekuatan yang mempengaruhi sistem ekonomi yang diterapkan/dipilih oleh suatu negara, yaitu :
- Falsafah dan ideologinya;
- Akumulasi Ilmu Pengetahuan yang dimiliki masyarakatnya;
- Nilai-nilai moral dan adat kebiasaan masyarakatnya;
- Karakteristik demografinya;
- Nilai estetik, norma-norma, serta kebudayaan masyarakatnya;
- Sistem hukum nasionalnya;
- Sistem politiknya; dan
- Sub-sub sistem sosialnya, termasuk pengalaman masa lalu serta uji coba yang dilakukan masyarakatnya dalam mewujudkan tujuan ekonominya.
.
.
Daftar Pustaka
Ilmu Ekonomi ID. Sistem Ekonomi. Diakses pada: http://www.ilmu-ekonomi-id.com/2015/11/sistem-ekonomi.html
Meilina. Sistem Ekonomi Indonesia. Diakses pada: https://meilina03.wordpress.com/tag/sistem-ekonomi-indonesia/
Oreologi. Sistem Perekonomian. Diakses pada: https://rosdianya.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/sistem-perekonomian/

Muhammad Noor Fadillah, S.M.
Menyelesaikan pendidikan S1 Manajemen di Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin. Sekarang diberi amanah sebagai Duta Baca Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Telah menerbitkan 2 buku, 1 ebook, dan banyak tulisan lainnya yang tersebar di koran, media online, blog, dan platform lainnya.
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